# DevRadar - Full Content for LLMs

> Independent web analytics tool comparator focused on GDPR compliance.
> Website: https://www.devradar.fr
> Last updated: 2026-03-07

---

## Analytics Tools Compared

### Google Analytics 4

- Slug: google-analytics-4
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/outils/google-analytics-4
- Website: https://analytics.google.com
- Description (FR): Google Analytics 4 (GA4) est la derniere version de la plateforme d'analyse web de Google. Basee sur un modele evenementiel, elle offre un suivi cross-plateforme (web et app), des rapports d'exploration avances et une integration native avec l'ecosysteme Google (Ads, Search Console, BigQuery). GA4 est gratuite pour la majorite des utilisateurs, avec une version payante (Analytics 360) pour les grandes entreprises.
- Description (EN): Google Analytics 4 (GA4) is the latest version of Google's web analytics platform. Built on an event-based model, it offers cross-platform tracking (web and app), advanced exploration reports, and native integration with the Google ecosystem (Ads, Search Console, BigQuery). GA4 is free for most users, with a paid version (Analytics 360) for large enterprises.
- Categories: gratuit, entreprise

#### Compliance
- GDPR Compliant: No
- CNIL Consent-Exempt: No
- Cookieless: No
- Data Location: United States (Google servers)
- Details: GA4 requires user consent in Europe (GDPR). Data passes through Google servers in the USA. The French DPA (CNIL) ruled GA non-compliant in February 2022 without additional measures. Consent Mode v2 and server-side tagging can improve compliance.

#### Pricing
- Free: 0 € forever
- Analytics 360: Sur devis starting at ~$150,000/year

#### Pros
- Free and extremely comprehensive
- Native integration with the Google ecosystem
- Very large community and documentation
- BigQuery export for advanced analysis
- Cross-platform web + app tracking

#### Cons
- Steep learning curve
- Data sent to the USA (GDPR concern)
- Complex interface for beginners
- Requires a cookie consent banner
- Data sampling on high volumes (free version)

#### FAQ
Q: Is Google Analytics 4 free?
A: Yes, GA4 is free for the vast majority of websites, with a limit of 25 million events per month. The paid Analytics 360 version starts at approximately $150,000 per year.

Q: Is GA4 GDPR compliant?
A: By default, GA4 is not considered GDPR compliant by the French DPA (CNIL) because data is transferred to the USA. Compliance can be improved through Consent Mode v2, server-side tagging, and data pseudonymization.

Q: What is the difference between Universal Analytics and GA4?
A: GA4 uses an event-based model (instead of sessions/pageviews), offers native cross-platform tracking, and includes free BigQuery export. Universal Analytics was permanently shut down in July 2024.


### Matomo

- Slug: matomo
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/outils/matomo
- Website: https://matomo.org
- Description (FR): Matomo (anciennement Piwik) est la principale alternative open source a Google Analytics. Il offre le choix entre un hebergement local (On-Premise) pour un controle total des donnees et une version cloud hebergee en Europe. Matomo est reconnu par la CNIL comme exempte de consentement dans sa configuration respectueuse de la vie privee.
- Description (EN): Matomo (formerly Piwik) is the leading open source alternative to Google Analytics. It offers a choice between self-hosting (On-Premise) for full data control and a cloud version hosted in Europe. Matomo is recognized by the French DPA (CNIL) as consent-exempt in its privacy-friendly configuration.
- Categories: privacy-first, open-source, gratuit, hebergement-local

#### Compliance
- GDPR Compliant: Yes
- CNIL Consent-Exempt: Yes
- Cookieless: Yes
- Data Location: Your choice: your own server or cloud in Germany
- Details: Matomo is officially recommended by the French DPA (CNIL). In cookieless configuration (with IP anonymization), it is exempt from consent collection. Data stays in Europe or on your own servers.

#### Pricing
- On-Premise: 0 € self-hosted
- Cloud: 23 € /month

#### Pros
- Open source and free (On-Premise)
- 100% data ownership
- CNIL consent-exempt
- Features comparable to GA4
- GA historical data import

#### Cons
- On-Premise version requires server maintenance
- Less modern interface than alternatives
- Paid premium plugins (heatmaps, A/B testing)
- Cloud relatively expensive for high volumes
- Performance needs optimization for high traffic

#### FAQ
Q: Is Matomo really free?
A: Yes, the On-Premise (self-hosted) version of Matomo is 100% free and open source. The Cloud version starts at €23/month. Some advanced plugins (heatmaps, A/B testing) are paid.

Q: Is Matomo exempt from cookie consent?
A: Yes, in privacy-friendly configuration (without cookies, with IP anonymization), Matomo is officially exempt from consent collection by the French DPA (CNIL).

Q: Can you migrate from Google Analytics to Matomo?
A: Yes, Matomo offers a native import tool that lets you recover your Google Analytics historical data (Universal Analytics and GA4).


### Plausible Analytics

- Slug: plausible
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/outils/plausible
- Website: https://plausible.io
- Description (FR): Plausible Analytics est un outil d'analyse web leger, open source et axe sur la vie privee. Son script de tracking pese moins d'1 ko (contre ~45 ko pour GA4), ce qui n'impacte pas les performances. Plausible ne collecte aucune donnee personnelle et fonctionne sans cookies, le rendant conforme au RGPD sans bandeau de consentement.
- Description (EN): Plausible Analytics is a lightweight, open source, privacy-focused web analytics tool. Its tracking script weighs less than 1 KB (compared to ~45 KB for GA4), which has no impact on performance. Plausible collects no personal data and works without cookies, making it GDPR compliant without a consent banner.
- Categories: privacy-first, open-source, sans-cookies, hebergement-local

#### Compliance
- GDPR Compliant: Yes
- CNIL Consent-Exempt: Yes
- Cookieless: Yes
- Data Location: Germany (Hetzner, EU)
- Details: Plausible collects no personal data, does not use cookies, and performs no cross-site tracking. It is compliant with GDPR, ePrivacy, PECR, and CCPA without a consent banner.

#### Pricing
- Growth: 9 € /month
- Business: 19 € /month

#### Pros
- Extremely lightweight (< 1 KB)
- No cookies, GDPR compliant without a banner
- Simple and intuitive interface
- Open source (AGPL)
- Self-hosting available

#### Cons
- Limited features compared to GA4
- No heatmaps or session recording
- No cohort analysis
- Pricing based on pageviews
- Less suited for very complex websites

#### FAQ
Q: Is Plausible GDPR compliant?
A: Yes, Plausible is 100% GDPR compliant. It collects no personal data, does not use cookies, and performs no cross-site tracking. No consent banner is required.

Q: Can you self-host Plausible?
A: Yes, Plausible Community Edition is available for self-hosting via Docker. The code is open source under the AGPL license.

Q: Can Plausible replace Google Analytics?
A: For most websites, yes. Plausible covers essential metrics (pageviews, sources, countries, conversions). For advanced needs (cohorts, multi-touch attribution), GA4 remains more comprehensive.


### Piwik PRO

- Slug: piwik-pro
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/outils/piwik-pro
- Website: https://piwikpro.fr
- Description (FR): Piwik PRO est une suite analytics entreprise complete qui inclut un analytics web, un tag manager, un consent manager et une customer data platform. Concu pour les organisations soucieuses de la conformite, il offre un hebergement en Union Europeenne et des fonctionnalites avancees de segmentation et d'attribution.
- Description (EN): Piwik PRO is a comprehensive enterprise analytics suite that includes web analytics, a tag manager, a consent manager, and a customer data platform. Designed for compliance-conscious organizations, it offers EU hosting and advanced segmentation and attribution features.
- Categories: privacy-first, entreprise, hebergement-local

#### Compliance
- GDPR Compliant: Yes
- CNIL Consent-Exempt: Yes
- Cookieless: Yes
- Data Location: European Union (Germany/Netherlands) or on-premise
- Details: Piwik PRO is designed for GDPR compliance. The built-in Consent Manager handles consent. In cookieless analytics mode, it is consent-exempt. Data hosted exclusively in the EU.

#### Pricing
- Core: 0 € forever
- Enterprise: Sur devis

#### Pros
- Complete suite (analytics, tags, consent, CDP)
- Generous free plan (500K actions/month)
- 100% EU hosting
- Built-in Consent Manager
- Easy migration from GA

#### Cons
- Less intuitive interface than Plausible
- CDP reserved for Enterprise plan
- Documentation sometimes incomplete in French
- On-premise only available on Enterprise
- Smaller community

#### FAQ
Q: Is Piwik PRO free?
A: Yes, the Core plan is free and includes up to 500,000 actions per month, with analytics, tag manager, and consent manager. The Enterprise plan is custom-priced.

Q: What is the difference between Piwik PRO and Matomo?
A: Piwik PRO is a commercial fork of Piwik (the former name of Matomo). It stands out with a built-in consent manager, a CDP, and an enterprise focus. Matomo remains open source with a freemium model.

Q: Where is Piwik PRO data hosted?
A: Data is hosted in the European Union (Germany or Netherlands) on certified servers. The Enterprise plan also allows on-premise hosting.


### Simple Analytics

- Slug: simple-analytics
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/outils/simple-analytics
- Website: https://simpleanalytics.com
- Description (FR): Simple Analytics est un outil d'analyse web minimaliste base aux Pays-Bas. Il ne collecte aucune donnee personnelle, n'utilise pas de cookies et offre un tableau de bord epure. Simple Analytics se distingue par son engagement ethique et sa transparence, avec un business model base uniquement sur les abonnements.
- Description (EN): Simple Analytics is a minimalist web analytics tool based in the Netherlands. It collects no personal data, uses no cookies, and offers a clean dashboard. Simple Analytics stands out through its ethical commitment and transparency, with a business model based solely on subscriptions.
- Categories: privacy-first, sans-cookies

#### Compliance
- GDPR Compliant: Yes
- CNIL Consent-Exempt: Yes
- Cookieless: Yes
- Data Location: Netherlands (EU)
- Details: Simple Analytics collects no personal data and uses no cookies. It is compliant with GDPR, ePrivacy, and CCPA. No consent banner required.

#### Pricing
- Starter: 9 € /month
- Business: 49 € /month

#### Pros
- Extremely easy to use
- Zero cookies, zero personal data
- Company based in the EU (Netherlands)
- Ethical and transparent business model
- Public mini-sites for transparency

#### Cons
- No e-commerce tracking
- No self-hosting
- Limited features
- High pricing for large volumes
- No heatmaps or session recording

#### FAQ
Q: Is Simple Analytics GDPR compliant?
A: Yes, Simple Analytics is 100% GDPR compliant. No personal data is collected, no cookies are used. No consent banner is needed.

Q: Can you use Simple Analytics without cookies?
A: Yes, Simple Analytics works entirely without cookies by design. This is its default behavior, not an option to enable.

Q: Is Simple Analytics suitable for an e-commerce site?
A: Simple Analytics is suitable for basic metrics (traffic, sources, conversions) but does not offer advanced e-commerce tracking (cart, revenue). For e-commerce, Matomo or Plausible Business are better suited.


### Fathom Analytics

- Slug: fathom
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/outils/fathom
- Website: https://usefathom.com
- Description (FR): Fathom Analytics est un outil d'analyse web premium axe sur la simplicite et la vie privee. Fonde au Canada, il offre des tableaux de bord clairs, un script de tracking leger et une conformite RGPD native. Fathom se distingue par ses fonctionnalites d'uptime monitoring et ses rapports par email.
- Description (EN): Fathom Analytics is a premium web analytics tool focused on simplicity and privacy. Founded in Canada, it offers clear dashboards, a lightweight tracking script, and native GDPR compliance. Fathom stands out with its uptime monitoring features and email reports.
- Categories: privacy-first, sans-cookies

#### Compliance
- GDPR Compliant: Yes
- CNIL Consent-Exempt: Yes
- Cookieless: Yes
- Data Location: European Union (for EU visitors)
- Details: Fathom automatically isolates EU visitor data on European servers. It does not use cookies and collects no personal data. Compliant with GDPR, CCPA, and ePrivacy.

#### Pricing
- Growth: 15 $ /month
- Business: 25 $ /month

#### Pros
- Very simple and clear interface
- Uptime monitoring included
- Automatic EU data isolation
- Lightweight and fast script
- Automatic email reports

#### Cons
- No free version
- No self-hosting
- No e-commerce tracking
- Pricing in US dollars
- Limited advanced features

#### FAQ
Q: Is Fathom Analytics free?
A: No, Fathom does not offer a free version. Plans start at $15/month for 100,000 pageviews. A 30-day free trial is available.

Q: Is Fathom GDPR compliant?
A: Yes, Fathom is GDPR compliant. It automatically isolates European visitor data on EU-based servers and collects no personal data.

Q: Does Fathom offer uptime monitoring?
A: Yes, Fathom includes uptime monitoring for your website with downtime alerts, directly integrated into the analytics dashboard.


### Adobe Analytics

- Slug: adobe-analytics
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/outils/adobe-analytics
- Website: https://business.adobe.com/products/analytics/adobe-analytics.html
- Description (FR): Adobe Analytics fait partie de la suite Adobe Experience Cloud. C'est une solution analytics enterprise de reference, offrant des capacites avancees d'attribution, de segmentation en temps reel, d'analyse predictive (IA) et d'integration omnicanale. Principalement utilisee par les grandes entreprises et les sites a fort trafic.
- Description (EN): Adobe Analytics is part of the Adobe Experience Cloud suite. It is a leading enterprise analytics solution offering advanced attribution, real-time segmentation, predictive analysis (AI), and omnichannel integration capabilities. Primarily used by large enterprises and high-traffic websites.
- Categories: entreprise

#### Compliance
- GDPR Compliant: Yes
- CNIL Consent-Exempt: No
- Cookieless: No
- Data Location: Choice of: USA, Europe, Asia
- Details: Adobe Analytics offers data hosting in Europe. Adobe provides GDPR compliance tools (data deletion/export). A consent banner is nonetheless required as tracking cookies are used.

#### Pricing
- Select: Sur devis
- Prime / Ultimate: Sur devis

#### Pros
- Extremely powerful and comprehensive
- Predictive AI and advanced attribution
- Real-time segmentation
- Adobe Experience Cloud integration
- Hosting available in Europe

#### Cons
- Very high price (starting at ~$100,000/year)
- Complex implementation
- Requires a dedicated team
- Very steep learning curve
- Requires a cookie consent banner

#### FAQ
Q: How much does Adobe Analytics cost?
A: Adobe Analytics works on a custom pricing basis. Prices generally start around $100,000 per year for the Select plan. The Prime and Ultimate plans are even more expensive.

Q: Is Adobe Analytics suitable for SMBs?
A: No, Adobe Analytics is designed for large enterprises with dedicated analytics teams. For SMBs, alternatives like GA4, Matomo, or Plausible are more suitable and affordable.

Q: Is Adobe Analytics GDPR compliant?
A: Adobe provides GDPR compliance tools and allows hosting in Europe. However, tracking cookies are used, requiring a consent banner.


### Umami

- Slug: umami
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/outils/umami
- Website: https://umami.is
- Description (FR): Umami est un outil d'analyse web open source, leger et axe sur la vie privee. Entierement auto-hebergeable, il offre un tableau de bord moderne et intuitif. Umami est une excellente alternative gratuite pour les developpeurs qui souhaitent garder le controle total de leurs donnees analytics sans compromis sur la simplicite.
- Description (EN): Umami is an open source, lightweight, privacy-focused web analytics tool. Fully self-hostable, it offers a modern and intuitive dashboard. Umami is an excellent free alternative for developers who want to maintain full control over their analytics data without compromising on simplicity.
- Categories: privacy-first, open-source, gratuit, sans-cookies, hebergement-local

#### Compliance
- GDPR Compliant: Yes
- CNIL Consent-Exempt: Yes
- Cookieless: Yes
- Data Location: Your server (self-hosted) or cloud
- Details: Umami collects no personal data and does not use cookies. With self-hosting, you have full control over the data. GDPR compliant without a consent banner.

#### Pricing
- Self-hosted: 0 € forever
- Cloud: 9 $ /month

#### Pros
- 100% open source (MIT License)
- Free and self-hostable
- Modern and intuitive interface
- Very lightweight and performant
- Easy to deploy (Docker, Vercel, Railway)

#### Cons
- No e-commerce tracking
- No conversion funnels
- No heatmaps or session recording
- Requires technical knowledge (self-hosted)
- Smaller community than Matomo

#### FAQ
Q: Is Umami free?
A: Yes, Umami is 100% free and open source (MIT license) for self-hosting. The cloud version starts at $9/month.

Q: How to deploy Umami?
A: Umami can be deployed via Docker, Vercel, Railway, or any server supporting Node.js. It requires a PostgreSQL or MySQL database.

Q: Is Umami suitable for a large website?
A: Umami is performant and can handle significant traffic with self-hosting on an appropriate server. For very high volumes, Matomo or an enterprise solution would be more suitable.


---

## Quick Comparison Table

| Tool | Free Plan | GDPR | CNIL Exempt | Cookieless | Data Location | Self-Host |
|------|-----------|------|-------------|------------|---------------|-----------|
| Google Analytics 4 | Yes | No | No | No | United States (Google servers) | No |
| Matomo | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Your choice: your own server or cloud in Germany | Yes |
| Plausible Analytics | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Germany (Hetzner, EU) | Yes |
| Piwik PRO | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | European Union (Germany/Netherlands) or on-premise | Yes |
| Simple Analytics | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Netherlands (EU) | No |
| Fathom Analytics | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | European Union (for EU visitors) | No |
| Adobe Analytics | No | Yes | No | No | Choice of: USA, Europe, Asia | No |
| Umami | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Your server (self-hosted) or cloud | Yes |

---

## Available Comparisons

- Google Analytics 4 vs Matomo: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/google-analytics-4-vs-matomo
- Google Analytics 4 vs Plausible Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/google-analytics-4-vs-plausible
- Google Analytics 4 vs Piwik PRO: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/google-analytics-4-vs-piwik-pro
- Google Analytics 4 vs Simple Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/google-analytics-4-vs-simple-analytics
- Google Analytics 4 vs Fathom Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/google-analytics-4-vs-fathom
- Google Analytics 4 vs Adobe Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/google-analytics-4-vs-adobe-analytics
- Google Analytics 4 vs Umami: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/google-analytics-4-vs-umami
- Matomo vs Plausible Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/matomo-vs-plausible
- Matomo vs Piwik PRO: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/matomo-vs-piwik-pro
- Matomo vs Simple Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/matomo-vs-simple-analytics
- Matomo vs Fathom Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/matomo-vs-fathom
- Matomo vs Adobe Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/matomo-vs-adobe-analytics
- Matomo vs Umami: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/matomo-vs-umami
- Plausible Analytics vs Piwik PRO: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/plausible-vs-piwik-pro
- Plausible Analytics vs Simple Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/plausible-vs-simple-analytics
- Plausible Analytics vs Fathom Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/plausible-vs-fathom
- Plausible Analytics vs Adobe Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/plausible-vs-adobe-analytics
- Plausible Analytics vs Umami: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/plausible-vs-umami
- Piwik PRO vs Simple Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/piwik-pro-vs-simple-analytics
- Piwik PRO vs Fathom Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/piwik-pro-vs-fathom
- Piwik PRO vs Adobe Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/piwik-pro-vs-adobe-analytics
- Piwik PRO vs Umami: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/piwik-pro-vs-umami
- Simple Analytics vs Fathom Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/simple-analytics-vs-fathom
- Simple Analytics vs Adobe Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/simple-analytics-vs-adobe-analytics
- Simple Analytics vs Umami: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/simple-analytics-vs-umami
- Fathom Analytics vs Adobe Analytics: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/fathom-vs-adobe-analytics
- Fathom Analytics vs Umami: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/fathom-vs-umami
- Adobe Analytics vs Umami: https://www.devradar.fr/comparer/adobe-analytics-vs-umami

---

## Categories

### Privacy-First
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/categorie/privacy-first
- Description: Analytics tools that put privacy at the core of their operation. GDPR compliant without consent banners.
- Tools: Matomo, Plausible Analytics, Piwik PRO, Simple Analytics, Fathom Analytics, Umami

### Open Source
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/categorie/open-source
- Description: Open source analytics solutions you can self-host, audit and customize. Transparent code and active community.
- Tools: Matomo, Plausible Analytics, Umami

### Free
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/categorie/gratuit
- Description: Analytics tools offering a generous free plan, sufficient for most websites and applications.
- Tools: Google Analytics 4, Matomo, Umami

### Enterprise
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/categorie/entreprise
- Description: Analytics solutions designed for large enterprises: advanced features, SLA, dedicated support and scalability.
- Tools: Google Analytics 4, Piwik PRO, Adobe Analytics

### Cookieless
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/categorie/sans-cookies
- Description: Analytics tools that work without any cookies. No consent banner required, simplified GDPR compliance.
- Tools: Plausible Analytics, Simple Analytics, Fathom Analytics, Umami

### Self-Hosting
- URL: https://www.devradar.fr/categorie/hebergement-local
- Description: Self-hostable analytics solutions on your own servers. Full data control, ideal for digital sovereignty.
- Tools: Matomo, Plausible Analytics, Piwik PRO, Umami

---

## Glossary (Key Terms)

### GDPR
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a European regulation that came into effect on May 25, 2018. It governs the processing of personal data of European Union residents and imposes strict obligations on companies regarding data collection, storage and use.
Related tools: matomo, plausible, piwik-pro, simple-analytics, fathom, umami

### CNIL
The Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertes (CNIL) is the French data protection authority. It oversees GDPR enforcement in France, issues recommendations on analytics tools and can exempt certain tools from consent requirements.
Related tools: matomo, plausible, piwik-pro

### Cookies
Cookies are small text files stored on the user's browser. In analytics, they are used to identify returning visitors and track their behavior. The GDPR requires prior consent for non-essential cookies.
Related tools: google-analytics-4, adobe-analytics

### Consent
Consent is the explicit agreement given by a user before the collection of their personal data. The GDPR requires consent that is freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous. Some cookieless analytics tools are exempt from this requirement.

### Cookieless analytics
Cookieless analytics tools identify visitors without storing files on their browser, typically through an anonymous hash combining the IP address and User-Agent. This approach is often exempt from consent requirements by the CNIL.
Related tools: plausible, simple-analytics, fathom, umami

### Self-hosting
Self-hosting means installing and managing analytics software on your own servers. It guarantees full data control and complete digital sovereignty, but requires technical expertise.
Related tools: matomo, plausible, umami

### Open Source
Open source software makes its source code publicly accessible. In analytics, this allows you to audit the code, verify that no data is collected without your knowledge, and contribute to the project's development.
Related tools: matomo, plausible, umami

### Event tracking
Event tracking is a data collection model based on user actions (clicks, downloads, form submissions) rather than page views alone. It is the standard model in GA4.
Related tools: google-analytics-4, matomo, plausible

### Personal data
Personal data is any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person: name, email, IP address, cookie identifier, etc. The GDPR strictly regulates their processing.

### Consent banner
The consent banner (cookie banner) is the interface that informs visitors about the cookies used and collects their consent. It is mandatory for any website using non-essential cookies under the GDPR.

### Bounce rate
Bounce rate measures the percentage of visitors who leave a site after viewing only one page. A high rate may indicate a UX problem or irrelevant content.

### Conversion funnel
The conversion funnel is a visualization of the user journey toward a goal (purchase, sign-up). It helps identify the steps where visitors drop off and optimize the conversion rate.
Related tools: google-analytics-4, matomo, piwik-pro

### Heatmap
A heatmap is a visual representation of the most clicked or hovered areas of a web page. It helps analyze user behavior and optimize usability.
Related tools: matomo

### Tag Manager
A Tag Manager is a tool for adding and managing tracking scripts (tags) on a website without modifying the source code. It simplifies the deployment of analytics, marketing and advertising tools.
Related tools: google-analytics-4, piwik-pro

### Attribution
Attribution is the process of determining which marketing channels (advertising, SEO, email, social media) contributed to a conversion. Attribution models can be simple (last click) or algorithmic (AI).
Related tools: google-analytics-4, adobe-analytics

### BigQuery
BigQuery is a Google cloud data warehouse. GA4 offers native export to BigQuery, enabling advanced SQL analysis on raw analytics data without sampling.
Related tools: google-analytics-4

### Server-side tagging
Server-side tagging involves sending tracking data from your server rather than from the visitor's browser. This improves performance, privacy and data collection reliability.
Related tools: google-analytics-4, matomo

### Consent Mode
Consent Mode is a Google feature that adjusts the behavior of Google tags based on user consent. Consent Mode v2 has been mandatory since March 2024 for advertisers using Google Ads in Europe.
Related tools: google-analytics-4

### Privacy by design
Privacy by Design is a principle that integrates privacy protection from the very design stage of a product. In analytics, this means minimizing data collection, anonymizing by default and not using cookies.
Related tools: plausible, simple-analytics, fathom, umami

### IP anonymization
IP anonymization involves masking part of the visitor's IP address before storage. It is a technique recommended by the CNIL to minimize the collection of personal data in analytics.
Related tools: matomo, plausible, umami

### SPA (Single Page Application)
A SPA is a web application that loads a single HTML page and dynamically updates its content. Analytics tools must support SPA tracking to correctly count navigations without page reloads.

### UTM
UTM (Urchin Tracking Module) parameters are tags added to URLs to track traffic origin in analytics tools. The 5 parameters are: source, medium, campaign, term and content.

### CDP (Customer Data Platform)
A CDP is a platform that centralizes customer data from multiple sources to create unified profiles. Piwik PRO offers a CDP integrated into its analytics suite in its Enterprise plan.
Related tools: piwik-pro

### Sampling
Sampling is a technique that analyzes a representative subset of data rather than the complete dataset. GA4 applies sampling on large volumes in its free version, which can affect report accuracy.
Related tools: google-analytics-4

### ePrivacy
The ePrivacy Directive (2002/58/EC) is a European regulation complementary to the GDPR that specifically governs electronic communications, including the use of cookies and online tracking.